Plot And Conflict The Red Badge Of Courage - 1366 Words

Plot and Conflict The Red Badge of Courage is a story of self-discovery. The novel is set during the American Civil War, on multiple battlefields. Henry Fleming is a young soldier fighting for the Union. He first joined the army because he dreams of the glories of battle and performing heroic deeds in battle. Although Henry wishes to be a brave soldier, when in battle, his survival instincts take over, and he begins debating fight or flight. His desire to become a soldier and his instinct to survive introduces the main plot and conflict of the story: During a battle, he runs away. This causes him to see the contradiction in himself and it becomes an emotional conflict for him to solve out the contradiction. Because he is so hung up on the image of the war hero, even though he wasn’t shot at, but hit by a fellow soldier, he lies to his comrades that the wound was a bullet wound. He’s lied once to them about fighting bravely in battle when in actuality he ran away, and he lied again tellin g them that the head would which he actually got from another soldier was a bullet wound. The climax of the plot occurs when Henry redeems himself at another major battle by fighting bravely and taking up the Union flag when the flag bearer is wounded. He ignores his fears and faces the battle like the hero he’s dreamed of and he overcomes his survival instinct. The resolution happens after the battle is over and Henry survives. He reflects on the decisions he’s made and sees how much he’dShow MoreRelatedLovely English in The Red Badge of Courage by Henry Flemming1356 Words   |  5 Pagesthat as he trudged from the place of blood and wrath his soul changed† (Crane 139). The Red Badge of Courage is a great American classic, and this wonderful quote sums up the entire novel from start to finish. The novel is a novel about a solider in the civil war who deals with the difficulties of being in war. The novel follows and captures his journey using many litera ry elements. Crane’s use of style, plot, setting, and characters help enhance the story. The use of these literary elements helpsRead MoreSoldiers Heart And The Red Badge Of Courage Analysis711 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Soldier’s Heart† vs. â€Å"The Red Badge of Courage† Two northern boys in the novels, â€Å"Soldier’s Heart,† and â€Å"The Red Badge of Courage,† suffer through the journey and hardships, loss of loved ones, and war. The contrasts in these works are few, however the variances in stories minister support in helping each book to stand out, and separate from the other. The similarities between books are uncanny, so similar, in fact that throughout the duration of the novels differentiating the novels becomes increasinglyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Red Badge Of Courage By Stephen Crane1395 Words   |  6 PagesJunhee Chung A.P English Language August 20, 2015 Novel Analysis Assignment The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane Plot and Conflict The Red Badge of Courage is a story of humility and courage. The setting is during the Civil War with the 304th Regiment. Henry Fleming, the story’s main protagonist has many questions that need to be answered. He questions if he would run away when in the midst of a battle. Henry joined the regiment in hopes of obtaining personal glory. After false rumor afterRead MoreThe Civil War : America s Historical Consciousness1401 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica. Whether fighting our parents or foes overseas, the American people have been faced with numerous conflicts. However, the one that stands out the most in the bloody history that is American war, is the Civil War; but what is the Civil War? Dr. James McPherson, in his article entitled â€Å"A Brief Overview of the American Civil War,† states that, â€Å"The Civil War is the central event in America s historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil WarRead MoreAnalysis Of Th e Red Badge Of Courage By Stephen Crane1417 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Shults A.P. English Language July 25, 2014 Novel Analysis Assignment The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane Plot and Conflict The Red Badge of Courage starts out in the civil war and the main character Henry Fleming talking to his mother about joining the union army. She doesn t want Henry to join but wishes him good luck anyway. When Henry enlists, he soon finds out that joining the army wasn t as he expected. He wishes to fight in battle right away but his regiment is only practicingRead MoreThe Red Badge Of Courage2690 Words   |  11 PagesKevin Raynak TAR 103 Eve Bandi Spring 2016 Play Analysis The Red Badge of Courage The Red Badge of Courage is written by Stephen Crane and was published on October 5, 1895. I chose to analyze this specific play because I read a brief plot overview about it, after reading it I thought it had an interesting story and I have always had an interest in the era this story takes place in. This play would be intriguing to an eventual audience because it has a compelling character development in the protagonistRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 3926 Words   |  16 PagesA.P. English Language August 11, 2014 Novel Analysis Assignment The Crucible by Arthur Miller Plot and Conflict At its core, The Crucible is a chilling depiction of a community engulfed by hysteria. A fanatically religious community in Salem, Massachusetts becomes embroiled in a witch-hunt initiated by a group of adolescent girls. At the start of the play, Reverend Parris finds his teenage daughter, Betty Parris, â€Å"sick† in bed after she, along with his niece Abigail, his slave Tituba, and a fewRead MoreRealism And Virtual Reality : Images Of America s Wars1532 Words   |  7 Pagespresenting them everywhere, especially in the streets. Some books like The Red Badge of Courage portrayed the views of the war, not as a great or honorable thing to be glorified at all, but as a horrible catastrophe. Franklins describes how the war looked like after inventing photography, people started to change their old point of views of war from being a courageous and glorious affair to doubt the goodness of that conflict. From my own perspective there is a lot more areas where we can spend theRead MoreSymbolic Meaning of the Land in Gone with the Wind6993 Words   |  28 Pageswith the Wind Abstract: The study of Gone with the Wind has mainly concerned with such aspects as the historical background of the American Civil War, the relationship between slave owners and slaves, Scarletts remarkable personality, and the conflicts between north and south cultures. Many more people read it as a love story. This thesis aims at analyzing the symbolic meaning of the land in this masterpiece to interpret this novel better. With application of sociology of novels the land is conferredRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesinformation and suggestions that may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related

Closed Adoption A New Home - 864 Words

Closed Adoption About twenty years ago my Uncle Hosea had a son named Javion. He was the first boy out of all the girls my uncle had conceived, which made him very proud. However, due to some underlying circumstances, he was taken away from his mom and put into the system. He was somehow adopted and never seen again, nor has any information been given out to our family to help locate him. He had entered closed adoption, which is an irreversible system where parents give up their rights to know any information and right to ever take part in their children s lives. The child is given a new home and grows up thinking the family raising them is their biological relatives. They never know anything about their true family or where they come from. They are mislead by this system of closed adoption, restricted from truth their own beginning, and lose touch with the family who brought them into this world. Children suffer tremendously from closed adoption, and because closed adoption has tougher policies, ta kes away many of children’s rights, puts a strain on biological families, distributes limited background family information, and strips identity, it should be abolished. There are two types of outside adoption, one is closed adoption and the other is open adoption. In open adoption the biological parents are given the ability to have contact with their child through the adoptive parents and share any background information needed. Likewise, the children are also given the freeShow MoreRelatedThe Different Types Of Adoption1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe Different Types of Adoption Approximately five million Americans alive today are adoptees. Having the opportunity to adopt has given many families the chance to have a family on their own that they may not have been able to have before. Although it benefits the parents who are adopting it also helps the birth mother tremendously. There are several ways to adopt. Parents who want to adopt should choose the best option for them while birth mothers should be more educated so they can be sure toRead MoreFamily Of Origin And Our Family Culture Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesthe patterns of your family of origin, you can change them. Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, and or animal from that person s biological or legal parent or parents, and, in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities, along with filiations, from the biological parent or parents. Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as suchRead MoreThe Impact Of Adoption On All Other Involved1511 Words   |  7 Pages Dixon 20 April, 2016 The Impact of Adoption on All Those Involved There are many decisions, issues, and solutions that come along with the adoption process. It can be a very stressful and time consuming process and experience. The decision to adopt in itself is a very difficult decision, but along with it comes many other tough decisions. The adopting family must decide between open or closed adoption, the age of the child they wish to bring into the home, and the race of the child. Also, theRead MoreOpen or Closed Adoption: What is Your Choice? Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesGuide to Adoption defines adoption as the transfer of parental rights and obligations from one family to another. The adoptive parents assume all responsibilities of raising the child legally and financially, therefore severing all ties to the biological parents. The difference between a closed adoption and open adoption is when birthparents and the adoptive parents know nothing of each other. Records are usually sealed until the child becomes of age and chooses to ope n them. An open adoption is whenRead MoreThe Pregnancy Outreach And Birth Mothers956 Words   |  4 PagesFor my cultural plunge, I decided to sit in at a birth mothers care group for women who decided to give their child or children up for adoption. This care group is one of many care groups held by Crisis Pregnancy Outreach. Crisis Pregnancy Outreach, or â€Å"CPO† is a nonprofit organization assisting women in crisis, such as those experiencing unplanned pregnancies. Their main mission is to help woman find alternate solutions to unplanned pregnancies that do not result in abortion. Each week women gatherRead MoreEssay on Adoption as an Option for Infertile Women872 Words   |  4 Pageshave in the coming years. Three months after having the wedding of your dreams, you find out you are pregnant after two years of trying to conceive and you could not be happier. Celebrating with friends and family eager to share with them the good news that you were expecting a miracle after almost giving up, you are jubilant. After trying for so long and succeeding? (I don’t know what word I want to put there yet) nothing could possibly go wrong. In the following days, you have come to learn thatRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Abuse994 Words   |  4 Pagesa social worker to see if it is in the child’s best interest to remove them from the home permanently. Not all abused children should be removed from the parent’s care. If the abuse only happened once the child staying in the parent’s care, is the best option. A social worker can come to the house regularly to make sure the abuse or neglect does not happen again. A disadvantage of leaving the child in the home is the child constantly being in fear it will happen again. But children need their parentsRead MoreShould Same Sex Couples Be Legal?906 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexual Parents Through the years homosexual people have made great improvements in society. Laws are changing and homosexuals are getting recognition for their choices. With the new laws and improvements come criticism. No matter what the topic is there is always going to be two sides, positive and negative. The creation of the LGBTQ community has brought awareness for those who are a part of the community and helped society be more comfortable with the changes brought on by the community. WithRead MoreAdoption : A Positive Impact On Society s Life1189 Words   |  5 PagesThrough adoption, a child is removed from a toxic environment, and given a chance at a better life. They are provided with the basic needs and care that their birth parents either neglected to provide or were unable to provide. Although adoption does have a positive impact on an adoptee’s life, it comes with the loss of their birth parents, extended,families and or siblings. Older children placed into new homes is ben eficial in many ways, it also carries a potential negative psychological impactRead MoreAdoption Of The American Dream1622 Words   |  7 PagesAdoption in America The American dream is to be successful and create a family; unfortunately some families are not able to create families on their own. A lot of those families will turn to the option of adoption. Adoption is very common now a day in America. Not only do people adopt because they can’t have children, some of the cases of adoption is because a family member adopts a child because the birth parents are unable to provide for them. Another of the cases is when a step parent adopts

How Far We Will Go To Change Our Body Image Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction The decorative universe today has been unrelentingly prosecuting aesthetic flawlessness. It is now rather common for one to hear about people altering their olfactory organs or augmenting their shoulders or possibly even holding their fat literally sucked out of their gut—all in the name of beauty. The universe has fallen in love with the faith of plastic surgery because it has become a speedy hole for the awful amour propre that has conquered the heads and ideals of people today. However. the writer believes that invasive processs such as plastic surgery should be used carefully to merely better the quality of life non merely go a agencies to fulfill one’s ain amour propre. Feeding our ain amour propre It is a long-standing argument between so many critics. experts and erudite people sing the ideals of beauty. This is particularly true for those who are unsatisfied with their aesthetic visual aspect. But the monetary value to pay for such beauty has sometimes become excessively much particularly for adult females in the society. For illustration. the work that is required for adult females to accomplish durable beauty has become really onerous for adult females in some instances and it has had overpowering effects. ( Orbach. 1978 ) The different things that adult females have urgently tried merely to be at peace with how they look has become really cumbrous for them. ensuing in self-torment. want every bit good as indirect mutilation. The typical statement that comes up sing the cogency of this societal pattern is that people have somehow felt the â€Å"need† for augmenting one’s ain visual aspect for the interest of their peace of head. One plastic sawbones from Illinois. Terry Donat. references that there will be times when you may come to experience that your facial visual aspect no longer reflects your interior character. At this point. you may suitably want to heighten your face to complement. regenerate. or regenerate your visual aspect in a personally positive and meaningful manner. ( Donat. 2007 ) This type of thought has perpetuated the belief that something demands to be aesthetically improved or else there is something incorrect with how we already look. The thing that has happened in today’s society is that beauty for today’s universe has put up irrational criterions that have come as a recoil against the assorted economic and societal achievements of adult females. These criterions have ruled the emotions and the heads of adult females by preoccupying them with all of the attempts to alter their alleged imperfect visual aspect by devouring their self-pride. Because the criterions for feminine beauty are rather inconsistent every bit good as impossible to run into. the adult females of today continually struggle with organic structures every bit good as visual aspect that finally don’t step up. There are different people who consider organic structure work or plastic surgery for the intent of amour propre as something to be scoffed at. There have been legion people who have attacked the thought of surgery for amour propre but despite this. the decorative surgery industry has expanded rather quickly for the past few old ages. Statisticss show that board-certified plastic sawboness have been able to execute more than 2. 2 million processs in 1999 which is a 44 per centum addition since 1996. ( Gimlin. 2002 ) Compare those figures to 1992 to the figures in 1999 and you have a astonishing 153 per centum addition in processs. If you count suction lipectomy. which is the most common decorative process that is in the United States. you’ll be surprised to observe that it was performed 230. 865 times in 1999. This is more than 50 % compared to 1996 and a monumental 264 per centum addition compared to 1992. What’s worse is that it was performed for a dearly-won $ 2. 000 per patient. ( Gimlin. 2002 ) If one pores over pages and pages of the different statistics and records demoing how prevailing and how widely accepted fictile surgery is for the intent of amour propre. one will be surprised to observe that adult male has become progressively dependent on these speedy holes to work out his job of dignity. The intent of decorative plastic surgery is so much more profound than that. The intent of plastic surgery The chief intent of plastic surgery and decorative augmentation is for bettering the quality of life in of people by agencies of doing them map more expeditiously and more competently as an person in society. Using decorative processs to aesthetically better a person’s face which has no peculiar malformation for the intent of amour propre is non its exclusive intent. Peoples who have been known to react positively to plastic surgery are those people who have particular demands such as those person who have suffered Burnss and life-changing hurts or cicatrixs whose physical malformations might otherwise be reversed with plastic surgery. One illustration of that section in society are persons who have body dysmorphic upset or BDD. These are persons who are preoccupied with a sensed defect. These people perceive their defects for hours each twenty-four hours and they believe that they carry an ugliness that to an nonsubjective position is an imagined perceptual experience. Some of these people have been known to misinterpret these minimum malformations as the ground for their societal and even occupational damage. ( Castle. 2002 ) It is known that these patients constitute 6 % –15 % of patients seen in decorative surgery scenes ( Sawer et al. 1998 ) and about 12 % of patients seen in dermatology scenes. ( Philips et al. 2000 ) There have been instances that there are people who are marginal BDD who have been helped because of the decorative processs that have been given them. Another obvious illustration are those persons who have attained cicatrixs that were the consequence of a specific accident such as first or second-degree Burnss. These are all valid state of affairss where decorative and fictile surgery will be rather utile for the patient. These illustrations are positive bases for those who report that their quality of life and their assurance has improved because of the decorative process that has been given them. It is of import to cognize and acknowledge that while there are assorted people who extensively take advantage of the industry and the processs available to them. the proper service to the people who may evidently necessitate fictile surgery may so better the quality of life of people. Decision The monetary value of beauty in the world’s eyes today has clouded the heads of persons. Cosmetic surgery and the processs that are available to people hold given more and more people the option to take how they look and how they act. On one side you have those who favor decorative surgery for amour propre because they merely want it and there are those people who merely merely necessitate it. These polar antonyms will ever be in today’s societies but as all tools. they must be used for their exact intent. which is to ease an improved quality of life instead than farther feed their thirst for fugitive beauty. When this is attained. more people will larn to value decorative surgery for what it can truly make and how it may be able to assist those who need it the most. Bibliography Susie Orbach.Fat Is a Feminist Issue: The Anti-Diet Guide to Permanent Weight Loss.New York: Paddington. 1978. Rottenberg. Annette A ; Winchell. Donna. Elementss of Argument: A Text and Reader8th Ed. Bedford/St. Martins. 1996 Gimlin. Debra.Body Work: Beauty and Self-Image in American Culture. University of California Press: Berkeley. 2002. Castle DJ. Phillips KA. editors. â€Å"Disorders of organic structure image† .Wrightson BiomedicalHampshire. United kingdom: ( 2002 ) Sarwer DB. Wadden TA. Pertschuk MJ. et al. Body image dissatisfaction and organic structure dysmorphic upset in 100 decorative surgery patients. Plast Reconstr Surg ( 1998 ) 101: 1644-1649 Phillips KA. Dufresne RG Jr. Wilkel C. Vittorio C. â€Å"Rate of organic structure dysmorphic upset in dermatology patients. †J Am Acad Dermatol( 2000 ) : 42: 436-441.

The poem Miniver Cheevy by Edwin A. Robinson Essay Example

The poem Miniver Cheevy by Edwin A. Robinson Paper The poem â€Å"Miniver Cheevy† by Edwin A. Robinson paints an interesting picture of a man so completely obsessed with celebrated historical accounts that he despises the present day. It seems as though Miniver Cheevy’s romantic idealism ends up becoming his downfall when stating, â€Å"Miniver coughed, and called it fate,/ And kept on drinking. † â€Å"Miniver Cheevy, child of scorn, Grew lean while he assailed the seasons; He wept that he was ever born, And he had his reasons† This first stanza of the poem provides an idea of the poem’s theme, but we learn this is not a happy story. The verse tells the reader about a child treated with disrespect, or not worthy of anything but disdain in his life. During the second line the reader finds out that, the protagonist either became very thin, or more likely, wound up beaten and worn while going through life. Miniver is a sad and disgruntled character, and the author prepares the reader to find out why in the third and fourth lines. The second stanza describes one of â€Å"his reasons† to the reader. Robinson talks about what Miniver likes, which happens to be history. He doesn’t like the age that he lives in. Miniver longs for heroic battles, and times past when men used swords not guns and horses, not motorized vehicles. Though the story begins with total negativity, by the end of the second stanza visions of warriors give him reason to dance and joy fills his heart. â€Å"Miniver sighed for what was not, And dreamed, and rested from his labors; He dreamed of Thebes and Camelot, And Priam’s neighbors. † Miniver realized times changed and the thought was depressing to him, so he sighed and expressed discontent for the way things changed. After a long day of work, Miniver found himself dreaming about the stories he read. We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Miniver Cheevy by Edwin A. Robinson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Miniver Cheevy by Edwin A. Robinson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Miniver Cheevy by Edwin A. Robinson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Obviously this character knew history, and would rather live in King Arthur or Priam’s age as part of a legend, than live in his current situation. He wanted his name remembered forever, a name that people would some day read about in stories and poems. In the fourth stanza, the author describes fragrant names, lack of romance, and the lack of appeal art has in present day. In the fifth stanza he mentions the Medici, a name remembered by many as rich art collectors and financers of artists. Robinson separates the line about the loss of passion for art and the line of his love for the Medici in two different stanzas, but they definitely relate. Then, he speaks a piece of truth that we hear nowhere else in the poem. When speaking about the Medici he states, â€Å"He would have sinned incessantly,† which tells the reader he may have another problem in his life. Something about having too much money and power would either cause him to be evil, or he feels that money causes sin in people’s lives. In the sixth stanza he reverts to negative thoughts about his life. â€Å"Miniver cursed the commonplace,† states Robinson as he speaks of the character’s mediocrity and how it angers him. Upon seeing a khaki suit, he feels disgusted with common clothes; he would rather walk around in uncomfortable iron clad armor than clothes of his era. He makes an interesting comparison of a khaki suit, the typical business wear of his day, to one made of iron which signified knights and heroes in his historical recollections. In the following stanza, the protagonist thinks about how despicable a job he has or the way he earns money, but without money and that job he would become more agitated. Robinson then describes Miniver’s biggest problem. He thinks too much. All of his thinking causes these comparisons of his life to days in the past, to stories and legends that he could not aspire to compare. â€Å"Miniver Cheevy, born too late, Scratched his head and kept on thinking; Miniver coughed, and called it fate, And kept on drinking. † All appearances show Miniver as an educated man, yet living in a constant state of nostalgia and depression. The protagonist feels trapped inside a reality that he does not want, and does everything he can to undo that reality in his mind. In this last stanza, Robinson tells the reader Miniver was born in the wrong era, a man this set on glory should have been born many years earlier. It seems he felt the same as many people have felt these days, and that problem focused on idealizing and romanticizing about the past. This desire develops in so many as a way to escape the present, more than actually wanting to live in the past. Evidently Miniver was trying to escape his present situation and his mode of escape was alcohol and dreaming.

The Introduction of Arjun Mehta Essay Example

The Introduction of Arjun Mehta Essay Example The Introduction of Arjun Mehta Paper The Introduction of Arjun Mehta Paper Arjun Mehta is introduced in the story as a nervous man; the writer has done this to show that he is an outcast from the rest of his surroundings. The writer uses juxtaposition to portray the differences between Arjun and the people surrounding him. Arjun is described to be confused â€Å"he was visible from a distance, a skinny flagpole of a boyan expression of mild confusion.† From this we see that Arjun is new to his surroundings and we are represented with his contrast of characteristics when the writer describes his surroundings personalities. The use of the quote â€Å"elbowed past beggars† shows the contrast of personalities between Arjun and others, the use of this is to show his vulnerability which portrays his character to be new to his surroundings. The reader is also aware that Arjun’s status is seen as minor as he is described as â€Å"a skinny flagpole of a boy† this quote shows that he hasn’t much respect because of the word â€Å"a. † This quote implies that he isn’t regarded as an individual but just another person, which lowers his status. The writer uses exposition with the use of juxtaposition. We are placed in a busy street where people are rushing around, however, Arjun Mehta is portrayed to be the opposite if the atmosphere used. He is seen as worried, nervous and scared. â€Å"The face fluttering on top wore an expression† The writer uses personification, he does this to show how Arjun is trying to hide his emotions by using the word â€Å"wore† which also can represent him trying to represent fake characteristics to make himself appear less nervous. The writer makes clear hints that Arjun Mehta has a low status in the story by the use of the quote â€Å"Skinny flagpole.† This can portray Arjun to be as disregarded as an object and it shows he is easily able to be pushed around because he is described as a â€Å"flagpole.† The writer also uses the technique of hyperbole to describe the flagpole. Flagpoles ar

Definition and Examples of Philippics

Definition and Examples of Philippics Philippic is  discourse (traditionally an oration) that is characterized by fierce condemnation of a subject; a diatribe or rant. The term philippic (from Greek philippikos) is derived from the virulent denunciations of Philip II of Macedon delivered by Demosthenes of Athens in the fourth century BC. Demosthenes is commonly regarded as the greatest orator of his age. See Examples and Observations, below. Novelist Donna Tartts Philippic Against Prescriptive Usage Michael Pietsch: Before I began editing your book, you sent a philippic against standardization. You declared that spell-check, auto-correct, and (if I recall correctly) even sacred cows like Strunk White and the Chicago Manual of Style are the writer’s enemies, that the writer’s voice and choice are the highest standard. Do you have advice for other writers confronted with editorial standardization?Donna Tartt: Was it really a philippic? I thought it was more a cordial memorandum.Pietsch: Two-thirds of the way through a set of notes to the copy editor, you wrote: I am terribly troubled by the ever-growing tendency to standardized and prescriptive usage, and I think that the Twentieth century, American-invented conventions of House Rules and House Style, to say nothing of automatic computer functions like Spellcheck and AutoCorrect, have exacted an abrasive, narrowing, and destructive effect on the way writers use language and ultimately on the language itself. Journalism and newspaper writing are one thing; House Style indubitably very valuable there; but as a literary novelist who writes by hand, in a notebook, I want to be able to use language for texture and Ive intentionally employed a looser, pre-twentieth century model rather than running my work through any one House Style mill. Tartt: WellIm not saying that the writers voice is always the highest standard; only that a lot of writers who are fine stylists and whose work I love wouldnt make it past a contemporary copy editor armed with the Chicago Manual, including some of the greatest writers and stylists of the 19th and 20th century. (Donna Tartt and Michael Pietsch, The Slate Book Review Author-Editor Conversation. Slate, October 11, 2013) Paul Simons Simple Desultory Philippic I been Norman Mailered, Maxwell Taylored.I been John OHarad, McNamarad.I been Rolling Stoned and Beatled till Im blind.I been Ayn Randed, nearly brandedCommunist, cause Im left-handed.Thats the hand I use, well, never mind! . . .I been Mick Jaggered, silver daggered.Andy Warhol, wont you please come home?I been mothered, fathered, aunt and uncled,Been Roy Haleed and Art Garfunkeled.I just discovered somebodys tapped my phone. [Paul Simon, A Simple Desultory Philippic (or How I Was Robert McNamarad into Submission). Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme by Simon Garfunkel. Columbia, 1966] The Philippics of Demosthenes (384-323 BC) From 351 BCE, until his self-induced death by poison in 323 BCE (to avoid death at the hands of Philip of Macedons soldiers), Demosthenes turned his talents to public affairs, particularly to rallying the Athenian people against the imminent threat of invasion by Philip...The Philippics are speeches delivered by Demosthenes between the years 351 BCE and 340 BCE. There are four Philippics orations although Dobson doubts that the fourth is legitimate. The first two Philippics are calls to the Athenian people to resist Philip before Athens itself is threatened with domination by the barbarian from the north. The Third Philippic occurs after Philip has gained control of many parts of the Athenian empire and is about to march on the city of Olynthus. Demosthenes pleads urgently and desperately for a military mission to help the Olynthians and prepare for war. Despite his failure in rousing the Athenian people to arm themselves against Philip, Demosthenes Philippic orations are considered masterpieces of rhetorical invention and technique. (James J. Murphy, Richard A. Katula, and Michael Hoppmann, A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric, 4th ed. Routledge, 2014) The Philippics of Cicero (106-43 BC) With Julius Caesars assassination in 44 BCE Cicero re-entered a political arena that granted him an opportunity to renew his consular voice and use his Republican rhetoric, now against Caesars lieutenant Marcus Antonius. These Philippics allowed Caesar to revive his Demosthenic persona and to provide a capstone to his claim to be the near embodiment of the [Roman] Republic, boasting at the start of the Second Philippic that in twenty years there has been no enemy of the Republic who has not also simultaneously declared war on Cicero... Ciceros proscription by the triumvirs and his brutal murder showed that he miscalculated his rhetorics power to impose his image of the Republic upon this changed political landscape.Ciceros final stand on behalf of the Republic in his speeches against Antony secured his heroization as the orator who embodied the Republic and its values, his contradictions and compromises largely forgotten.(John Dugan, Rhetoric and the Roman Republic. The Cambridge Com panion to Ancient Rhetoric, ed. by Erik Gunderson. Cambridge University Press, 2009) Despite the final outcome, Ciceros fourteen extant orations against Antony (perhaps three more are lost) may be felt to represent his finest hour. . . . Cicero invokes a rhetoric of crisis, in which good is pitted against evil with no room for compromise (cf. Wooten 1983; Hall 2002: 283-7). Even his style has changed. Sentences are shorter, periodic structures less frequent, and main ideas are not kept in suspense until a sentence ends . . ..(Christopher P. Craig, Cicero as Orator. A Companion to Roman Rhetoric, ed. by William Dominik and Jon Hall. Blackwell, 2010) The Lighter Side of Philippics A PHILIPPIC*Down with that phrase soporific, bromidicWhatever that isRelic of days paleozoic, druidicWhatever that is.Does one remark, in a tone unspectacular,I think the comet diffusely opacular,Some one will cry in the vulgar vernacular:Whatever that is!Curses on him who invented the sloganWhatever that is!Jump on his neck with an ensiform broganWhatever that is.Phrase without meaning, bourgeois and pestiferous,Phrase that is wearying, dull and somniferous,Here is anathema umbraculiferousWhatever that is.*Whateverthatis. (Franklin Pierce Adams, By and Large. Doubleday, 1920)

U07d1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U07d1 - Essay Example This paper highlights that when a person is in condition as bad as this, they tend to be more trusting and willing to take up any help that they are provided. Also with the old age, people tend to trust what others say and take the time out to listen to others. Imagine if the same thing were to happen to a younger person, firstly, they would not let the strangers inside the house secondly, the doubt would always be present and a youngster would prefer to call in to home repair stores than to trust two men who just walk in. From this study it is clear that the level of trusting and the patience to listen to strangers; increases in several people as they grow old. In the case of Mrs. White, she has been alone for nine years knowing that she needs to get something done about the home repairs however has not had the courage to call some to assist here. In this state, she might feel the helplessness and would prefer to go with anything that is easily available. Hence she was easily persuaded into paying them $12,000 and trusting to strangers without any form of verification. Organisations like the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), assist individuals with many things which include, health, money, leisure, family and even social lifestyle and issues like the one faced by Mrs. White. The organisation provides the people with support and care. AARP assists the elderly with several different aspects of life to avoid them feeling low and being dependent on others. Financially, the organisation provi des the elderly with advice and also how to safeguard their money. In the case of Mrs. White, if she had opted to take the assistance of the organisation, she would not have lost the $12,000 and would not go through the trauma of having her house ripped out the way it had been.  

IT functions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT functions - Research Paper Example Firstly, outsourcing controls operating costs such as management oversight, health insurance, retirement plans and employment taxes costs that the company would incur if were to employ IT experts and other workers for IT department. Secondly, outsourcing enables the company to focus its competencies of on the core business activities; apparently, information technology is not a core activity for most organizations. An organization may also outsource due to lack to of competent human resources that can manage its information technology needs. The need to outsource may also be triggered by the organization’s need to free internal human resources for other purposes for which they are experts instead of engaging them in IT functions where their competencies may be low. An organization may also outsource information technology services in order to gain exceptional capabilities from IT specialists. Finally, the company will choose to outsource in order to retain capital funds for capital investment projects. On the other hand, the organization will consider not outsourcing information technology services due to factors such as internal availability of human resources that are skilled to manage IT services. Further, if the company has surplus funds such that all viable investment projects have been adequately financed, the excess funds may be directed to IT development. Outsourcing poses a number of risks that firms should consider when deciding whether outsourcing the IT function is the best decision. Outsourcing creates dependence of the organization on the Information technology services provider. The outsourcing organization might experience adjusting problems when the outsourcing contract ends. In addition, the organization may not have the capacity to develop its own IT infrastructure as soon as the outsourcing contract ends and the results of this inability may be adverse to its operating activities. By outsourcing, the firm loses control over several

New Coronary Intervention Codes in 2013 Essay Example for Free

New Coronary Intervention Codes in 2013 Essay Coronary Intervention Codes and Reimbursement: Two Decades of Effective Advocacy Why have interventional cardiologists’ salaries ranked at or near the top compared to other specialties for the past decade (1)? Long hours under high stress using extreme skills to perform dangerous procedures? Yes, but there is more. Effective advocacy by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) has played a large role. This is the story. Medicare, enacted in 1965, based reimbursement for physician services on the actual charge on the current bill, the customary charge over the past year, or the local medical profession’s â€Å"prevailing† charge over the past year, whichever was lowest (2). This system was chaotic and confusing. In response, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 switched Medicare to the Resource Based Relative Value System (RBRVS). This used Hsaio et al’s estimates of physician time and effort to assign Relative Value Units (RVUs) to physician services (3). In 1991, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) convened a series of Technical Expert Panels (TEP) to refine Hsaio’s initial estimates of work for selected procedures. One of these was percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). A representative of the SCAI/ACC convinced the TEP to increase reimbursement for PTCA from Hsaio’s estimate of 9.5 RVU’s to 10.5 RVU’s. The 20 million or so coronary angioplasty and stenting procedures performed in the US since 1992 have all been reimbursed at a rate reflecting that 1 RVU increase granted by the TEP in 1991. Thus, this one instance of effective advocacy by SCAI/ACC increased reimbursement for these 20 million coronary intervention procedures over two decades. Now jump to 1994 when STRESS (4) and BENESTENT (5) compared elective stenting to balloon angioplasty, and a randomized trial compared then state-of-the-art Palmaz-Schatz and Gianturco-Roubin II stents (6). Elective stenting was just starting; most stents were placed to bail out failed balloon angioplasty. In this milieu a code for coronary stenting was developed. The expert panel that advised CMS on reimbursement estimated that the average stenting procedure required 120 minutes of physician time from first injection of lidocaine to last catheter withdrawn (diagnostic catheterization not included), 45 minutes of preparation time before the procedure, and 60 minutes of physician work after the procedure, for a total physician work time of 225 minutes per coronary stenting case. Thus, interventionists have been paid for coronary stenting at a rate based on almost 4 hours per procedure for the past 17 years. New Coronary Intervention Codes and Values For the past several years, CMS has attempted to curb Medicare expenditures by identifying and reducing payment for over-priced services. In 2011 CMS identified coronary stenting as possibly over-priced and required that it be re-valued. The value of a service depends on the time required to perform it, and to a lesser extent the intensity of the work. SCAI and ACC knew that invasive cardiologists were reimbursed for 4 hours of work per stent case since 1994, and that procedural times might have shortened since then. A re-valuation could significantly decrease the RVUs paid for a coronary stenting procedure. Interventional cardiologists were also keenly aware of problems with the existing coronary intervention codes (Table 1). Reimbursement for an emergency middle-of-the-night ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) stent procedure was the same as for elective stenting of a healthy patient at noon. Stenting of complex left anterior descending bifurcation lesions requiring 3 stents was valued the same as stenting of a type A lesion requiring 1 short stent. SCAI/ACC experts decided that if interventional procedures were to be re-valued, it was time to get codes that recognized and reimbursed for the extra work of performing complex coronary interventions. SCAI/ACC experts developed a new set of codes that describe interventional procedures with greater detail (Table 2) and won their approval by the AMA Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Panel. Then they had to be valued. This required several steps. The first step was a survey of practicing interventionists to estimate physician work and time required for each new coronary intervention code. As expected, practicing cardiologists estimated the skin-to-skin time required for coronary stenting to be much less than original 2 hours – 45 minutes to be exact. Without the new codes, reimbursement for coronary stenting would likely have been reduced proportionately, by over 50%. Fortunately, SCAI/ACC experts convinced the American Medical Association Relative Value Update Committee to recommend to CMS that the new complex coronary intervention codes be reimbursed at higher rates (by up to 25%) than simple coronary stenting. Overall, reimbursement for the family of coronary intervention procedures will drop 18-20%, much less than the 50% that might have occurred without the new codes. New Coronary Intervention Codes Solve Old Problems The new codes solve several longstanding problems. .1. For a decade interventionists have complained that they are not reimbursed for the intensity of STEMI PCI. Now they are. RBRVS rates intensity using units of â€Å"RVU’s per minute of procedure time†. The intensity of seeing patients in clinic rates.03, coronary bypass surgery rates.10, and emergency tracheostomy rates.26. Coronary intervention codes were previously rated at.10, but the new code for STEMI PCI has an intensity rating of .18. Intensity of other new coronary intervention codes is raised to the .13 – 15 range. .2. The extra work and stress of PCI of grafts and chronic total occlusions is now recognized and reimbursed higher, by 10% and 25% respectively. .3. Stenting preceded by atherectomy is now reimbursed at a higher rate (by 12%) than stenting alone. Previously there was no differential. .4. The additional work of performing PCI on multiple branches of a single artery is now recognized with separate codes. CMS refuses to pay for these, and SCAI and ACC are lobbying CMS reverse this decision. The good news is that CMS’ decision does not limit reimbursement because CMS bundled the value of the â€Å"additional branch codes† into payment for the base codes. SCAI/ACC still recommends that the â€Å"additional branch codes† be used because some private payers may choose to reimburse them. Interventional Coding Examples to Illustrate Basic Principles .1. Problem: Coronary angiography is followed by ad hoc coronary stenting of the right and circumflex coronary arteries. Solution: 93454 (coronary angiography), 92928 (stenting single coronary), and 92928 again (stenting circumflex). Principles: As before, catheterization is coded using the separate cardiac cath codes, which are paid at 50% when performed with coronary intervention. Also, the base code for coronary stenting (92928) is used for both vessels, whereas previously the base code was used once, along with an â€Å"each additional vessel† code which was retired in 2013. .2. Problem: Stenting of the circumflex is performed followed by atherectomy and stenting of the ramus. Solution: 92928 (stenting single coronary), 92933 (atherectomy and stenting single coronary). Principles: Previously CMS recognized and reimbursed for procedures in only 3 arteries (the left anterior descending, the circumflex, and the right) and might have denied reimbursement for the ramus PCI. Starting in 2013, CMS recognizes two additional arteries (the left main and ramus arteries) and will reimburse for PCI in all of them. Also, use the new â€Å"atherectomy + stenting† code (92933) offers higher reimbursement than the stent code (92928). . 3. Problem: A patient with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction has a 99% lesion with slow flow stented. Solution: 92941: (stenting of subtotal/total occlusion causing acute MI). Principle: This code can be used for any acute MI patient (STEMI or non-STEMI) with a â€Å"total or subtotal† lesion. CPT does not provide a definition of â€Å"total or sub-total†, so if the code is used an accurate description of the lesion to support this code should be included in the procedural report. .4. Problem: Bifurcation stenting of the left anterior descending is performed, with PTCA of the sidebranch ostium and stenting of the parent vessel. Distally, a separate diagonal sidebranch is rotationally atherectomized. Solution: 92928 (stenting of the LAD), 92921 (angioplasty, additional branch for the LAD diagonal bi9furcation), 92925 (atherectomy, additional branch). Principles: PTCA of the diagonal as part of the bifurcation stenting is now recognized. When a separate branch is treated, use a second â€Å"additional branch† code. .5. Problem: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) shows a significant left main lesion extending into the proximal LAD which is stented. Fractional flow reserve across a distal lesion is measured and is not significant. Solution: 92928 (stenting of the left main/LAD), 92978 (intravascular ultrasound), 93571 (fractional flow reserve). Principle: As before, IVUS and FFR codes are used as â€Å"add-on† codes in addition to the base coronary intervention codes. When a single stent is used to treat a lesion in the left main extending into the LAD or circumflex, it is coded with only one code.

Leagility Defined for the Supply Chain Essay example -- essays researc

Leagility Defined for the Supply Chain Two words, lean and agile, combine to make the word leagility. Supply chain managers need lean supply lines to eliminate waste and keep costs low. They also require agile supply chains to get the right amount of the product to the right place in order to satisfy the ever-changing nature of the marketplace. Traditional management recommended a lean supply chain for products with a stable demand, yet low profit margin. Conversely, products with a high profit margin and volatile demand should have an agile supply chain (Van der Vorst). Modern managers may benefit from studying hybrid supply chains that are both lean and agile. Lean supply chains work best with products that sell in high volume and low variety (Christopher). The reason for this is clear when one considers a type of product meeting this criterion. Toilet paper sells in predictable volume and while there is some variety with this product, it is basically the same from brand to brand. The consumer is more likely to buy this product as a result of price rather than bells and whistles. A manager of a supply chain of toilet paper can use many tools to keep the logistics cost low. Sales of this product are likely to be tied to population size with little of no variation in sales†¦except in college towns where TP sales may be higher during rush week. This consistency allows managers to ship regular orders of the product. Consistency allows for long-range contracts with shippers, wh...

Meaning of life †Human Essay

I believe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. Throughout my entire life, I have wondered what the purpose is. Why am I and every other human being even on this planet in the first place? That brings me to my next question. Is there a God? If there is, why did he put us here? Any Christian asked will say our sole purpose is to serve God. First of all, what does that even mean? And second, I must ask why? Why would a supernatural being place us strategically on this planet strictly to serve him? That sounds pretty selfish to me. There has to be something more. Something concrete. Something greater. How could there not be? All my life I have worked hard to succeed. I have challenged myself and fought to do better than my best. Why? I asked myself. Why stress so much when I’m only going to die in the end? Pessimistic, I know. Finally, I thought, maybe the meaning of life doesn’t have to be so complex. Maybe the meaning of life is whatever we want it to be. Maybe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. I do what I do because I want to do it. It’s that simple. I do it because it means something to me. Everyone adds their own meaning to life. The meaning of life is never universal. The meaning of life is never complex. The meaning of life is actually quite simple to think about. Many people help the needy. Others play sports. Both activities add meaning to those lives involved. Purposes change, but the overall meaning of life will always stay the same. The meaning of life is simply to give life a meaning. This I believe.

Madame Bovary Personal Response

In part two of Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert we see Emma’s development as a character in a negative way. Emma’s development is seen as she embarks on a path to moral and financial corruption all for a search of love and passion. The passion and love Emma seeks cannot be found in the reality of that time causing her to feel imprisoned in society with Charles whom she has no passion or lust for. To Emma love is defined as lustful, spontaneous action which she only reads about in her romance novels. SHe learns to fulfill this inner lust by undertaking in adultery with different men.Throughout this section of the novel we see the emotions Emma encounters, guilt, anger, lust, passion and spiritual longing. â€Å"The more Emma became aware of her love, the more she suppressed it. She would have liked Leon to guess at it†¦ † [p. 86] This quote shows the change is Emma’s character from part one due to the fact that in part one she only longed for such a r elationship and what she read in books and took pity on herself while now she has taken action by committing adultery. When Emma first meets Leon there is a spark and common interests emerge unlike between Emma and Charles.This is seen in the quote â€Å"Their Eyes indeed were full of more serious conversation; and, while they were struggling in search of banal phrases, each felt assailed by the same langour; it was like a murmur from the soul†¦ † [p. 88] Emma’s Lust for Leon is an example of the commencement of her thoughts of adultery actions, once Leon leaves she becomes even less satisfied by Charles than before and continues to seek for that same love she had for Leon. She goes to such extremes with love due to her idea of love coming from novels, this is seen when she considers ruining after Leo after he had left for Paris.This part of the novel is seen as Emma’s attempt at filling an empty gap in her hear in search of romance that she has always long er for yet never grasped. She seems to do this by committing such unfaithful acts. â€Å"†¦ but i always relish the upheaval; I do love being on the move. † This quote emphasizes the fact that Emma cannot stay with one decision or be in one place for a long period of time because she is easily bored and dissatisfied. Once Leon leaves Mme. Bovary has an understanding of her feelings for Leon and her regret for not pursuing these feelings. the bad days form Tostes came back again. † [p. 114] Emma then realizes the option of adultery and Leon was the one to open this idea up to her.This is what leads her to commit adultery later on in this section of the novel. The second major development is the love affair between Mme. Bovary and Rodolphe. This love affair fulfills the dream of the romance she has always longed for from the books that she has read. â€Å"She merged onto her own imaginings, played a real part, realizing the long dream of her youth, seeing herself as one of those great lovers she had so long envied! † [p. 51] This quote emphasizes Emma’s happiness and sense of accomplishment that she feels during the affair. This is a development in her character because this can be compared to previous areas in the book where she was bored and unhappy waiting for something to occur this sudden even has now changed this view on life to a more happy one.This is because there was now an aspect of excitement that allows her to experience her dreams that she has so long longed for which causes her to isolate herself from reality. This is seen when she wants to run away with Rodolphe â€Å"Take me away! † [p. 80] This also shows Emma’s selfish behavior because she is acting only to please herself while Charles sacrifices his love and lets Emma be with Rodolphe to treat her depression (illness). The final major development in Emma is when she is plunged back into reality with the letter the Rodolphe sends her. This letter a llows her to realize the difference between the romantic novels and dreams and reality. The fact that she had so many ideas to pursue with Rodolphe such as running away which she though would allow her total freedom.However these longings are all crushed and the caged feeling from before begins to come back again. why have not done with it? Who was to stop her? She was free† This quote shows her thoughts of running away with Rodolphe and how she want to be free. In conclusion these major developments such as the love for Leon and the introduction to the idea of adultery as well as the affair with Rodolphe and the longing for freedom show Madame Bovary’s change throughout part two of the novel. One is also able to see the constant unstable actions of Emma and her decisions. She is one to go from being spiritual to wanting to commit suicide, then desiring a proper family household and yet none of these make her happy for very long.

Whats Eating Gilbert Grape Essays - Films, Free Essays, Term Papers

What's Eating Gilbert Grape Essays - Films, Free Essays, Term Papers What's Eating Gilbert Grape Whats Eating Gilbert Grape portrays a family that is dealing with the trials, tribulations, and also great times of having a member with a disability. The Grape family consists of Gilbert, Ellen, Amy, Mama, and of course, Arnie. The Grape family lives in an isolated town of Endora in a house that seems to be in shambles since their father died. In the beginning, Gilberts voiceover states that living in Endora is like dancing to no music, which one can definitely relate to after viewing this touching film. Gilbert Grape is a young man that has been impeded by more burdens than any man ought to have in an entire lifetime. He stocks shelves and delivers groceries for a local store, Lamsons Grocery, whose business has been deserted by the new supermarket in town. The movie begins with the yearly ritual of Gilbert and Arnie watching the caravans that pass along the road. Gilberts adversity seems to have started when his father hung himself seventeen years ago in their basement, which in turn drove his mother to obesity and a life confined to only their home. His mother has become a burden on him and he feels ashamed and humiliated by her. Gilbert even regards to his mother as a beached whale, and at one point lifts a young boy to the window to experience the sight of her. Gilberts mother is not his only complication; he is having an aimless affair with a frustrated housewife, Betty Carver, whose rash sexual demands have placed much apprehension on him. Gilberts brother Arnie, who is mentally challenged, needs constant supervision, which places many ongoing responsibilities on Gilbert, as well. His oldest sister, Amy, is a very caring woman that tries to take on many responsibilities herself and the youngest sister Ellen, who is only fifteen, has many issues with her family that she is trying to overcome, as well. Becky, a young girl that traveled into town with her grandmother and their caravan found romance with Gilbert and a certain connection with Arnie accordingly. Arnie is not your average boy; he is mentally challenged and was not expected to live to see his tenth birthday, let alone, his eighteenth, which he surpasses in the movie. Arnie is associated with many heights in the movie as he is regularly seen dangling from the roof, climbing trees, and of course, his ritual of scaling the water tower. Although Arnie loves the heights, he can not seem to conquer the depths as he will not venture to the basement of the house. I dont want to go down there, Gilbert; Dads down there, thus voicing the repressed fear that no one in the family will, or can put into words. Arnies water tower escapades are a source of great aggravation to the police, yet are greeted by the locals with an understanding of occasion and courteous applause when his feet are firmly planted back on the ground. Arnie obtains a fear of water when Gilbert abandons him in the bathtub for the night, and does not over come his apprehension until he flees to Becky after a fight he had with Gilbert. Bibliography none

How to Manage Invasive Insects in Firewood

How to Manage Invasive Insects in Firewood Nothings nicer on a cold winter day than sitting in front of a roaring wood fire in the fireplace. When you bring that firewood indoors, you might be bringing bugs indoors, too. Heres what you need to know about insects in firewood and how to keep them from coming inside. What Kinds of Insects Live in Firewood? Firewood often houses beetles, both under the bark and inside the wood. When firewood contains beetle larvae, adults may emerge as long as two years after the wood was cut. Longhorned beetle larvae usually live under the bark, in irregular tunnels. Boring beetle larvae make winding tunnels loaded with sawdust-like frass. Bark and ambrosia beetles typically infest freshly cut wood. Dry firewood may attract carpenter bees, which nest in the wood. Horntail wasps lay their eggs in wood, where the larvae develop. Sometimes adult horntail wasps emerge from firewood when its brought indoors. You dont need to worry about them stinging or damaging your home, should one surprise you. If firewood is still damp or stored in contact with the ground, it may attract a number of other insects. Carpenter ants and termites, both social insects, may make their homes in a pile of firewood. Critters that migrate into the wood from the ground include sowbugs, millipedes, centipedes, pillbugs, springtails, and bark lice. Can These Insects Damage My Home? Few insects that live in firewood will cause damage to your home. The structural lumber in your homes walls is much too dry to sustain them. As long as you dont store firewood inside your home, you shouldnt worry about insects from firewood infesting your house. Avoid keeping firewood in a damp garage or basement, where structural wood might have enough moisture to attract some insects. If insects do come indoors with the wood, just use a vacuum to remove them. Do be careful about where you store your wood outdoors. If you place stacks of firewood right up against your house, you are asking for termite trouble. Also, be aware that if the firewood contains beetle larvae or adults, the beetles may emerge and head for the nearest trees- the ones in your yard. How to Keep (Most) Bugs out of Your Firewood The best thing you can do to avoid insect infestations in your firewood is to dry it quickly. The drier the wood, the less hospitable it is to most insects. Proper storage of firewood is key. Try to avoid harvesting wood when insects are most active, from April to October. By cutting down trees in winter months, you will lessen the risk of bringing home infested logs. Fresh cut logs invite insects to move in, so remove the wood from the forest as soon as possible. Cut wood into smaller logs before storing it. The more surfaces exposed to the air, the quicker the wood will cure. Firewood should be covered to keep out moisture. Ideally, wood should be raised off the ground, too. Keep some air space under the cover and under the pile to allow airflow and quicker drying. Never treat firewood with pesticides. The more common firewood insects, beetles, typically bore into the wood and wont be affected by surface treatments anyway. Burning logs that have been sprayed with chemicals is a health hazard and could expose you to toxic fumes. Stop the Spread of Invasive Insects Invasive insects, such as the Asian longhorned beetle and the emerald ash borer, can be transported to new areas in firewood. These pests threaten our native trees, and every precaution should be taken to contain them.   Always obtain your firewood locally. Firewood from other areas could harbor these invasive pests ​and has the potential to create a new infestation where you live or camp. Most experts recommend that no firewood be moved more than 50 miles from its origin. If you are planning a camping trip away from home, dont bring your own firewood with you. Purchase wood from a local source near the camping area.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Marketing - Essay Example In other words, these accounts must be identified, acquired, and followed up, or managed. The sales person/force and manager must also be rewarded accordingly. Key accounts are gained by developing a mutual relationship. In order to gain trust and repeat business and to â€Å"lead† the client and not the other way around (having the client lead the sales representative which results in a loss of sales), one must completely know and understand the client’s business. This can only be accomplished by having a strategy. Key Account Management (2006) lists the benefits of this type of handling such important accounts: Regarding the case study of Glaztex, the reasons for failure to win the order were many. They did not employ the strategies of proper key account management. Dr. Leblanc of Commercial SA had initially contacted sales executive John Goodman. That was an incredible â€Å"foot in the door† where Goodman should have researched and prepared before returning the call. Perhaps he did not have the proper training on key account management, which is very crucial. Most company training involves teaching staff how to sell to corporations and to large accounts which uses a skill-based training. On the other hand, key account management deals with the clients’ needs and uses strategy. (Bandhu, 2004.) Capon (2006) states that, â€Å"†¦it is one thing to recognize that these accounts should be treated differently, it is quite another to figure out exactly what to do.† So training is necessary. Goodman simply described the simply and gave Leblanc literature to read. As Leblanc had stated that he had already spoken with three other companies, Goodman needed to be well informed of not only what his company had to offer, he also needed to know about his possible client and the competitors. He needed to focus on value. An advantage would have been for him to tell and show Leblanc (and Atois, the production engineer, as he stated that

Philosophy of Human Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Philosophy of Human Person - Essay Example The researcher states that Socrates investigates a number of influences about the immortality of the soul in a bid to show that there exists an afterlife with the soul dwelling after death. He does this by engaging his two friends, theSimmias and Thebans Cebes, in a debate. Among the major subjects in Phaedo is an idea that suggests the soul be immortal. Socrates presents four arguments about the soul’s immortality. The first being The Opposites Argument or Cyclical argument. This explains since the forms are external and unchanging, the soul is concerned with bringing life hence it is not supposed to die. It is also reported to be necessarily imperishable. The existence of the body as mortal through the subjection to physical death means the souls should be its opposite. Plato suggested the likeness of cold and fire with cold being imperishable and fire its exact opposite. He observed that everything came from its opposite. E.g. a tall man only becomes tall after being short before. Life being opposite to death, our analogous reason gives the thought that as the living once become dead, so should dead become living. Death and life are in a continuous cycle in a way that death is not a permanent end. The second argument is that of the theory of recollection. Humans have a non-theoretical knowledge at birth. This is to mean that the soul was in existence way before birth to help us in carrying that knowledge. The theory bears another account found in Plato’s Meno though Socrates infers previous knowledge of everything. The argument is based majorly on the fact that learning is an act of recollection of the things we knew before birth but we forgot them. We are able to judge two sticks to be equal in length but differing in width because of the innate understanding we have about equality.

Analysis of Industrial Relations Law Research Paper

Analysis of Industrial Relations Law - Research Paper Example Her self-professed aim was to shift the balance of power in industry and restore management prerogative in the workplace. The extent to which her policies succeeded in transforming the character of production politics and industrial performance has been the subject of intense debate. One line of argument suggests that, in contrast to the Donovan reform strategy which failed to deliver significant performance gains in the 1970s, Thatcher's policies appear to have done the trick (Metcalf 1989). The potent combination of rising unemployment, tougher labor laws, privatization, and deregulation allegedly gave birth to 'new' industrial relations practices in the workplace and a corresponding improvement in productivity and competitiveness. The analysis which follows challenges this perspective. It argues that the system of industrial relations and employment regulation which came to dominate key sectors of the economy after 1945 was not conducive to industrial modernization: not, it should be stressed, for the reasons cited by proponents of the conventional wisdom, but because the trade unions and other regulatory mechanisms were too weak to force firms to abandon progressively outmoded business practices. The presence of a relatively cheap, disposable, and malleable labor force inhibited the emergence of high wage, high productivity growth strategies and helped entrench a relatively low wage, low productivity industrial system from which it is now proving difficult to escape. There is also a second sense, which concerns the academic study of industrial relations and its relationship to economics. Much more so than in other European countries and the United States, there has been a sharp demarcation line in Britain between the study of the institutions of job regulation and the study of their economic consequences. This may seem an academic point, but it is not without consequence, for this unwelcome division of academic labor has served to impede theoretical innovation and entrench established ideas, particularly the conventional wisdom. It is relatively uncontroversial to note that in the three decades after 1945 British industrial performance exhibited significant deficiencies as compared to other leading capitalist economies. Relevant performance measures in this context include output and productivity growth rates, the balance of trade, and investment in technology, plant, and people. The evidence of British underperformance is most striking in the case of manufacturing. Comparisons of output and productivity movements across time, sectors, and countries are fraught with measurement problems (Nolan and O'Donnell 1995). Nevertheless, the evidence--whatever its shortcomings-reveals a substantial and enduring shortfall between Britain's record and that of other leading economies. Fig. 5.1 charts the movements in manufacturing output and exposes a significant and growing gap between Britain and the other countries. For the period shown, domestic output has remained more or less stagnant.  Ã‚  

Impact of Agriculture Credit on Agriculture Productivity

Impact of Agriculture Credit on Agriculture Productivity ABSTRACT Impact of agriculture credit on agriculture productivity. Agriculture plays vital role in Pakistans economy. It is the single largest sector and it is principal driving force for growth and development of the national economy of Pakistan. Agriculture credit plays vital role for increasing the efficiency of this sector. Timely and adequate availability of credit enables the farmers to purchase the required inputs and machinery for carrying out farm operations. There are two dimensions of this research first are measuring the impact of credit on development efficiency and second is measuring impact of credit on production efficiency. Regression model was used to determine the impact in both dimensions data collected from State Bank of Pakistan for analysis the results concluded that there is a positive relationship between agriculture credit and both development and production efficiency but not up to much extent that is required there is a minor impact on farm yield and productions le vels by agriculture credit the reasons can be credit policies timings of providing credit and can be not providing credit effectively where it is needed most. INTRODUCTION Agriculture plays an important role in Pakistans economy. It is the single largest sector and it is principal driving force for growth and development of the national economy of Pakistan. Agriculture and Livestock accounted for 23.1 per cent of the GDP in 2004-05. It employs 43.1 per cent of the labor force, provides livelihood to 68 per cent of the countrys population living in rural areas, and contributes 60 per cent share in export earnings from processed and un-processed agricultural products. Major industries like textile and sugar are agriculture based sectors. The rate of growth for agriculture sector is 4% in the past two decades, contributing significantly to overall economic growth, food supplies and exports. Although the share of agriculture in the GDP has declined over the years, in line with Development of other sectors such as industry, infrastructure, services, etc., it still remains the leading sector of the economy. The future policies in agriculture have been focused on attaining high growth rates by providing the right policies and institutional support, so that the sector can move forward and enhance its contribution to the economy. Review of Agriculture Sector The agriculture sector grew at an average annual growth rate of 4.5 per cent in the last decade, i.e. 1990s. However in 2000-01 and 2001-02, its performance was badly affected due to persistent drought conditions. It registered a growth rate of (-) 2.2 and (-) 0.1 per cent in 2000-01 and 2001-02, respectively. With subsequent improvement in the availability of Water, it grew by 4.1 per cent and 2.6 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04, respectively. In 2003-04, the major crops which account for 34.2 per cent of the agriculture value added grew by 2.8 per cent and minor crops which contribute 12.4 per cent to the agriculture value added, Grew by 1.7 per cent. In 2004-05, the agriculture sector registered an all time high growth of 7.5 per cent due to farmers friendly government policies, favorable weather conditions and Improvement in the availability of water. There was a recorded production around 14.6 million bales of cotton and 21.1 million tones of wheat. The contribution of major and minor crops was 17.3 and 3.1 per cent, respectively. Although the shortage of water affected the performance of crops in 2000-01 and 2001-02, its impact was reduced due to various measures by the farmers on the Recommendation of the Agriculture Departments such as efficient use of canal water, Exploitation of underground water through tube wells, sowing on ridges and better Agronomic and good management practices. The country had achieved self-reliance in wheat. Around 1.036, 1.704 and 0.553 million tones were exported due to build up of wheat stocks, in the years of 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2003-04, correspondingly. However, due to subsequent decline in wheat production, around 1.37 million tones of wheat was imported in 2004-05 to build up reserve stocks and meet domestic requirement. Although availability of water has been a serious constraint, there are other factors also, which are hampering the growth and development of the sector. Some of the factors are: low productivity of crops, inefficient use of water, degradation of land resources (water logging and salinity), imbalance application of fertilizer, inefficient use of agricultural inputs, ineffective transfer of technology to the farmers, lack of coordination between research and extension, post-harvest losses, marketing infrastructure, etc. Inspite of the reasonably performance in the agriculture sector the over all productivity is comparatively low as compare to other agriculture based countries like India for example in study based on comparison of agriculture performance in Indian and Pakistani Punjab it was found that Indian Punjab performed very well as compare to Pakistani Punjab because of the problems in infrastructure lack of mechanization most of these problems arise due to financial constraints these problems can be addressed by emphasizing on credit programs to farms get proper inputs such as production inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides on time so that production efficiency improved and on the other hand development efficiency can be increased by mainly development efficiency is farm efficiency like land leveling, water courses, tractors tube wells these all required proper credit supply so therefore credit is the vital component in the improvement of agriculture efficiency. Agriculture credit role in increasing productivity Credit plays an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. Timely and adequate availability of credit enables the farmers to purchase the required inputs and machinery for carrying out farm operations. The farmers will be facilitated through the one window operation and revolving credit scheme. The one window operation was initiated in 1997 by the ZTBL which has been found quite useful in meeting the farmers credit requirements. Credit is the back bone for any business and more so for agriculture which has traditionally been a nonmonetary activity for the rural population in Pakistan. Agricultural credit is an integral part of the process of modernization of agriculture and commercialization of the rural economy. The introduction of easy and cheap credit is the quickest way for boosting agricultural production. Therefore, it was the prime policy of all the successive governments to meet the credit requirements of the farming community of Pakistan. Agriculture as a sector depends more on credit than any other sector of the economy because of the seasonal variations in the farmers returns and a changing trend from subsistence to commercial farming. How credit improve productivity both production and development or farm efficiency the answer is through the supply of proper credit to farmers they are able to purchase proper amount of fertilizers at the right time purchase pesticides at the right time so the production process will continue without any problems that will increase production efficiency. For development efficiency credit is needed for mechanization, i.e for land leveling water courses, tube wells, tractors and other inputs so credit is needed by farms for the proper availability of theses resource of course without the availability of these resource both production and development efficiency cannot be increased. In some of the studies importance of credit in agriculture stated as According to Shephered (1979) credit determines access to all of the resources on which farmers depend. Consequently, provision of macroeconomic policies and enabling institutional finance for agricultural development has been directed to the provision of infrastructure capable of facilitating agricultural development with a view to enhancing the contribution of the sector in the generation of employment, income and foreign exchange. One of the reasons for the decline in the contribution of agriculture to the economy is lack of a formal national credit policy and paucity of credit institutions, which can assist farmers. Credit or loan able funds is viewed as more than just another resource such as labor, land, equipment and raw materials. Therefore, by injecting capital into agriculture, it is possible to increase the rate of agricultural development since credit has frequently been considered as one of the main factors in overcoming agricultural stagnation that helps to expand farmland size and production. Table 6 shows the figures of amount of credit in billion rupees disbursed by different sources in agriculture sector by analyzing the figures it has been noted that credit for production has more amounts in every year as compare to credit for development loans so therefore the area where government has to focus is how to increase development efficiency (land leveling, water courses, and tractors) etc. supply of adequate credit should be implemented for development loans like production loans. Difference between production efficiency and development efficiency Production efficiency is related to the productivity related to inputs related purely to crops production such as seeds fertilizers pesticides chemicals etc. where as development efficiency is related to mechanization of farms lands development there fore inputs are tractors, land levelers water courses etc the details are below. Production efficiency factors The input factors related to production efficiency are Fertilizer The use of fertilizer is expected to grow by 4.0 per cent per annum in order to meet the crop production targets. The growth rate for the nitrogen is estimated at 3 per cent, phosphate 7 per cent and potash 12 per cent. In quantitative terms, nitrogen will increase to 3,049 thousand tones, phosphate 1,058 thousand tones and potash 45 thousand tones by 2009-10. The overall fertilizer consumption is estimated at 4,152 thousand tones. The mean application rate at national level will be about 180 Kg nutrients per hectare. There are other fertilizer products as source of micronutrients such as Zinc, Boron and Iron would also be targeted for specific crops (rice, cotton, maize, sugarcane, vegetables and horticultural crops) for efficiency and quality. According to research by (Coady, 1995) it is stated that the introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice in Pakistan in the mid-1960s was heralded as a major breakthrough in the problem of food supply. A crucial characteristic of these new HYVs was their high yields when used in conjunction with chemical fertilizer (henceforth just fertilizer) and controlled irrigation. Great emphasis was placed on increasing the supply and use of fertilizer, which was still regarded as of crucial importance by the mid-1980s-of the total increase in agricultural output envisaged by the Sixth Five Year Plan (Government of Pakistan 1983), 48% of it was expected to come from increased use of fertilizer. Although the technology associated with HYVs is essentially regarded as being neutral to scale, constraints such as those arising from inadequate irrigation, an inability to secure credit and access to extension services can bias the technology towards larger farms. The researcher focuses on the use of fertilizer. Earlier analysis of the data showed that just over 80% of the sample applied fertilizer, this the farms more than 25 hectares have higher percentage. However, that simple analysis of fertiliz er use did not indicate any systematic relationship between land size and per-acre levels applied (henceforth, fertilizer intensity). There, as in most studies of fertilizer use, zero observations are dropped. Much of the literature on agriculture in developing countries argues that, because of lack of access to crucial complementary inputs (such as irrigation, knowledge or credit), the productivity of fertilizer is lower on smaller farms. This would suggest that fertilizer intensity ought to be positively correlated with farm size. However, although my data suggest that a larger proportion of smaller farms do not apply any fertilizer, focusing only on users, I do not find any systematic relationship between fertilizer intensity and farm size. However, when I allow in my analysis for lack of access, I find a negative relationship between fertilizer intensity and farm size, in spite of the fact that productivity-enhancing characteristics appear to be biased in favor of large farms. I suggest that this could reflect the effect of uncertain yields on risk adverse farmers. If one accepts this interpretation, then it appears that the effect of uncertainty is strong enough to outweigh the produc tivity bias towards larger farms Pesticides and Plant Protection The productivity of crops is mainly depends upon control of pest. Around approximately 20% to 25% cent of crop production output lost due to hit of insects and pests. The use of pesticides has increased from 665 tones in 1980 to 69,897 tones in 2002. It has been estimated that its consumption may touch 78,000 metric tones till 2010. Approximately around 54% of the pesticides are useful on cotton crop, 23 per cent on rice, 9 per cent on fruits and vegetables, and 5 per cent on sugarcane. The rising and unsystematic use of pesticides must be avoided as it also kills useful predators and insects and causes environmental deprivation. Importance will be given on support of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in order to reduce the application of pesticides in the best way. According to research (Alagh, 1988) states that INSECT pests, diseases and weeds inflict considerable damage to crops and plantations resulting in an estimated. Crop loss of over one-third of realizable output globally. Losses are higher in Africa and Asia, more than 40 per cent annually. The earliest use of chemicals to prevent crop losses is reported in the nineteenth century with the use of inorganic salts. The thirties of this century represent the beginning of the modern era of synthetic organic pesticides which saw the discovery of DDT (in 1939) and BHC (in 1942). A host of chloro organic compounds were introduced subsequently. Then came the organophosphorous com- pounds representing another extremely important class of organic insecticides, malathion being the first example of a wide spectrum insecticide with low mammalian toxicity. The new crop varieties and cropping sequences for intensive agriculture brought to the forefront problems of pests which caused tremendous losses to various crops and their produce. Pest problems have shown marked increase in changing agriculture. Pest problems have increased with the intensification of agriculture. Also improved agriculture brought about a transformation and an all round consciousness not to allow/tolerate yield losses especially because of the availability of modern pest control technology which makes it possible to avoid or to minimize such losses. Losses to crops and their produce are caused by various agencies which include insects, diseases, nematodes, weeds and several other non-insect pests. The estimated losses vary from crop to crop and region to region. However, it has been estimate that in India annual monetary loss in agriculture due to weeds, diseases, insects, nematodes, storage pests, rodents and birds runs into Rs 6,000 crore. This estimate is somewh at speculative yet it gives a first order approximation of the nature of the problem. Estimates with respect to many crop pests or diseases are available both in terms of percentage avoidable loss or loss in value. Such information is valuable and essential planning and implementation point of view of economic programs. So therefore pesticides plays important role in increasing production efficiency by reducing diseases and damage to the crops by the insects or pests because if crops production is effected by any of the reasons stated above crops production efficiency will be decreased. Development Efficiency How mechanization helps in improving farm efficiency Animal draft has conventionally remained a source of traction powers at farm over centuries. All operations at farm from tilling of the land to sowing, cultural management practices, lifting of water from shallow wells, harvesting, threshing, winnowing and transport were carried through animal provided draft. The use of fuel run machinery is a matter of about half a century. The major focus in the area came since the times of green revolution in late 1960s when the high yielding varieties (HYVs) inspired farming community for paradigm shift in adoption of other new technologies including farm mechanization. The major emphasis has been on farm traction, exploitation of sub surface water resources from sweet water aquifer, harvesting/threshing of crops, spraying of crops against insects, pests/diseases and pressurized irrigation operations. The main purpose of farm mechanization is to improve efficiency by replacing techniques with more efficient use of machines which performs sowing, harvesting, shallow wells and transport with less time and more efficient that animals based techniques. Mechanization of farm operation has become necessary due to shortage of labor and animal power at planting and harvesting stages of crops. It helps in timely sowing, cultural practices and harvesting of crops and reduction in post harvest losses. The most popular forms of mechanization are tractors with cultivators, drills, wheat threshers, sprayers, power rigs, tube-wells and bulldozers. The total number of operational tractors in the country is estimated to be 342,000 by June 2005. Thus available horsepower (hp) at farm level will be 0.82 hp per hectare as compared with 1.4 hp per hectare recommended by FAO for developing countries. It is projected that 45,000 tractors per annum will be added to the existing fleet. Thus, the total number of operational tractors will be increased to 466 thousand in 2009-10, increasing the horsepower at farm level to 1.1 hp per hectare. The fleet of bulldozers in the provinces will be strengthened for the development of wastelands and construction of slow action dams. The availability of institutional credit for the purchase of tractors and other agricultural machinery will be ensured through earmarking the actual credit requirement to Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) and other commercial banks. The farmers will be facilitated to procure small seed processing units and establish primary grading facilities at farm level to fetch good price of their produce. The sugarcane harvesters, maize and cotton pickers, paddy transplanters and laser land leveling equipments will be introduced. Custom hire farm service centers will be established at suitable places for costly agricultural machinery/implements for small and medium farmers under public-private partnership. The public sector will provide seed money and technical assistance for the establishment of these centers. The farmers organizations will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of these centers on sustainable basis. The factors included in farm efficiency are Left bank outfall drainage scheme Land leveling Water courses Drainage schemes Left bank outfall drainage scheme Emerging drainage problems The greatly increased continuous use of Indus water for irrigation (from storage or direct river diversions) has significantly altered the hydrological balance of the Indus Basin. Seepage losses from irrigation canals, distributaries, minors, and watercourses and deep percolation from the irrigated lands have resulted in a gradual rising of the groundwater table, bringing with it critical problems of water logging and salinity over a vast area. Water logging is widespread throughout Punjab and Sind provinces, where most of the countrys food and fiber crops are produced. In the early 1900s, the water table was generally more than 15 meters (m) below the surface throughout the Indus Plain. However, by 1978 (when the Indus Basin Salinity Survey was completed), the water table in 22% of the Indus Basin was within 1.8 m of the surface, and an additional 30% was within 3 m. The condition has get worse since then. There was a comprehensive survey conducted in 1961 calculated that about 40,0 00 ha of land were being lost per year to agricultural production due to water logging and salinity. While these estimations have not been updated available information suggests that land neglected in severely waterlogged areas is continuing. What is left bank outfall drainage schemes The Left bank outfall drainage concept embraces major drainage and agricultural development and represents the collective efforts of Government of Punjab, Government of Sind, WAPDA, 1UNDP, international consultants, and potential co financiers, led by the World Bank. The Stage I Project has evolved from numerous investigations and studies initiated in the mid-1960s and refined thereafter. The project was subjected to extensive professional scrutiny and is a milestone in the Banks long-standing involvement with Indus Basin development. The LEFT BANK OUTFALL DRAINAGE SCHEME concept has been subject to intensive project preparation during the past 20 years. The Lower Indus Project report, prepared in 1966 by Sir N. MacDonald and Partners Ltd. and Hunting Technical Services Ltd., both of the United Kingdom, contains a comprehensive plan for optimum development of agriculture in the LEFT BANK OUTFALL DRAINAGE SCHEME area. Why this scheme is so important for Pakistani agriculture due to the irrigation conditions of agriculture Major factors in recent improvement of agriculture have been favorable weather and the affirmative response of farmers to GOVERMENT OF PUNJABs policies and programs for agriculture sector development. Land leveling in Pakistan Studies have indicated that a significant (20 to 25 %) amount of irrigation water is lost during its application due to poor farm designing and uneven fields. It has been estimated that the farmers keep on applying water until the maximum point in a field is covered. This leads to over-irrigation of low-lying areas and under-irrigation of superior spots in those results in irregular supply of all nutrients to the plants besides accumulation of salts in such areas. The fields not correctly leveled, because wastage of land, low irrigation efficiencies, and eventual result is considerably lesser yields than the possible. Accurate Land leveling (PLL) consists of grading and planning land to a smooth level or no slope to facilitate efficient irrigation. Modernized method of carrying out PLL is by using LASER equipment that helps in attaining mandatory degree of precision at lesser cost and effort. LASER land leveling equipment is provided to the farmers on nominal average rental charges i .e. Rs 150/hour to 200/hour. An area of about approximately 400,000 acres has been accurately leveled in the Punjab since inauguration of OFWM program that includes over 113,000 acres leveled with LASER technology. Precision Land Leveling (PLL) is a mechanical process of grading and smoothing the land to a accurate and consistent plane surface at grade or no grade (zero slope) with variation of less than  ± 2cm. It is carried out to control irrigation application losses at the farmers fields besides other advantages. LASER technology has been proved to be advantageous as it minimizes the cost of irrigation operation, ensures better degree of precision in much lesser time, saves irrigation water, ascertains consistent seed germination, increases fertilizer use efficiency and resultantly enhances crop yields. Impact studies on LASER land leveling identify that it: Curtails the irrigation application losses up to the extent of 25% Reduces labor requirements for irrigation by about 35% Enhances the irrigated area by about 2% by brining the number as well as length of field ditches and dikes to a minimum * Increases the crop yields by about 20% Pakistan is considered to be the pioneer in South Asia for promoting use of LASER technology in irrigated agriculture. OFWM Punjab has tested the first laser leveling equipment in 1985. Before devolution, there were 140 LASER land leveling units available with District Governments which have been procured through donor assisted projects, respectively. One hundred units were equipped with tractors while 40 units were without tractors. These machines have accurately leveled about 125,000 acres of land. The yearly potential of available LASER equipment was about 25,000 acres per year. The major operational limitation encountered to make sufficient use of this equipment was insufficient availability of OM funds with the public sector. Drainage schemes The constant expansion of the irrigation system over the past century drastically altered the hydrological balance of the Indus River basin. Seepage from the system and percolation from irrigated fields caused the water table to get higher, attaining crisis conditions for a significant area. Around 1900 the water table was typically more than sixteen meters below the surface of the Indus Plain. A 1981 study found the water table to be within about three meters of the surface in more than one-half the cropped area in Sindh and more than one-third the area in Punjab. In some areas, the water table is much nearer to the surface. Cropping is fatally affected over a wide area by poor drainagewater loggingand by accumulated salts in the soil. Officials were conscious of the need for additional expenditure to prevent further worsening of the existing situation. Emphasis in the 1980s and early 1990s was on rehabilitation and preservation of existing canals and watercourses, on farm improvements on the farms themselves (including some land leveling to conserve water), and on drainage and salinity in priority areas. Emphasis was also placed on the short-term projects, mainly to improve the operation of the irrigation system in order to lift up yields. Element of the funding would come from stable increases in water use fees; the objective is gradually to raise water charges to cover operation and maintenance costs. Substantial time and money are needed to understand the full potential of the irrigation system and bring it up to modern standards.(detected) Irrigation and watercourses In the beginning of 1990s, irrigation from the Indus River and its tributaries comprised the worlds largest contiguous irrigation system, capable of watering over 16 million hectares. The system includes three major storage reservoirs and numerous barrages, head works and canals, distribution channels. The total length of the canal system exceeds 58,000 kilometers; there are a further 1.6 million kilometers of farm and field ditches. Over the use of Indus waters there were prolonged disputes between India and Pakistan because partition placed portions of the Indus River and its tributaries under Indias control. After nine years of dialogue and technological studies, the issue was resolved by the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. India use of the waters of the main eastern tributaries in its territorythe Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers after a ten year transitional period, the treaty awarded Pakistan received use of the waters of the Indus River and its western tributaries, the Jhelum and Chenab rivers. When the treaty was signed, Pakistan began an extended and rapid irrigation construction program, partly financed by the Indus Basin expansion Fund of US$800 million contributed by various nations, including the US, and administered by the World Bank. Several huge link canals were built to transfer water from western rivers to eastern Punjab to substitute flows in eastern tributaries that India began to redirect in accordance with the terms of the treaty. In 1967 the Mangla Dam, on the Jhelum River, was completed. The dam provided the first major water storage for the Indus irrigation arrangement. The flood control was also contributed by the dam, for regulation of flows for some of the link canals, and to the countrys energy supply. At the same time, further construction was undertaken on barrages and canals. The vital need in the 1960s and 1970s to raise crop production for domestic and export markets led to water flows well beyond designed capacities. Completion of the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs, as well as enhancement in other parts of the system, made superior water flows possible. In addition, the government began installing public tube wells that frequently discharge into upper levels of the system to add to the available water. The higher water flows in parts of the system significantly go beyond design capacities, creating stresses and risks of breaches. However, many farmers, mainly those with smallholdings and those on the way to the end of watercourses, suffer because the supply of water is unreliable. The irrigation system represents a considerable engineering achievement and provides water to the fields that account for ninety percent of agricultural production. Nevertheless, serious problems in the design of the irrigation system avert achieving the highest potential agricultural output. LITERATURE REVIEW Production Efficiency and Agriculture Productivity According to research (Taylor, Drummond, Gomes, 1986) which relates to effectiveness of subsidized credit programs in improving the productivity of traditional farmers in developing countries the credit program known as PRODEMATA it is concluded by empirical results suggest that PRODEMATA has had no desire impact on technical efficiency and a slightly negative effect on allocative productivity (it is defined as a theoretical measure of the advantage or utility resulting from a planned or actual choice in the distribution or distribution of resources). The poor but efficient hypothesis states that the provision of agricultural credit will be ineffective in improving productivity and incomes since investment opportunities are limited. Traditional farmers are hypothesized to be efficient but faced with technological barriers that can- not be overcome by the mere influx of capital provided by credit programs alone. It is further analyzed that the economics of credit in Brazil and concluded there was an underutilization of capital on small farms and that credit would relieve capital shortages and improve output. However, in analyzing farm-level production in it is found that technological barriers were present which would prevent credit programs from having a significant impact on capital formation and incomes. Studying traditional agriculture in southern Brazil concluded that in- creased investment capital formation, such as use of mechanized equipment and fertilizer, alone is not the answer to increasing crop production. Better management, Information sources and consumption of resources are as significant and should be equally emphasized if any advantage is to be anticipated from increasing disbursement on these inputs. The implication here is that, while credit availability may afford traditional farmers the opportunity to invest in modernized inputs, there is no guarantee that these inputs will be used in such manner as to recognize the full level of output gains possible. It thus seems appropriate that the effectiveness of subsidized credit in traditional farming depends on concerns of technical as well as allocative efficiency. The research above illustrated credit program named as PRODEMATA was instituted The result was that participated in the program compared to those of nonparticipating farms indicate that the program wa